References and further reading

This site summarizes consensus themes from major reviews and guidelines. For clinical decisions, follow local neurovascular protocols and consult a specialist.

Core sources used to build this site

  1. Thompson BG, et al. Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms. American Heart Association/American Stroke Association (2015).
  2. Chan DYC, et al. Screening for intracranial aneurysms? Prevalence of unruptured intracranial aneurysms (systematic review/meta-analysis). J Neurosurg (2016).
  3. Kim JH, et al. Prevalence of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms. (2021 review).
  4. Inagawa T. Prevalence of cerebral aneurysms in autopsy studies. (2022 review).
  5. Greving JP, et al. Development of the PHASES score. (2013 model; used widely for 5-year rupture risk estimates).
  6. Lantigua H, et al. Subarachnoid hemorrhage: who dies, and why? (2015 cohort reporting mortality by Hunt-Hess grade).
  7. StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf). Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (regularly updated summary; epidemiology figures).
  8. Mayo Clinic Proceedings review: Tawk RG, et al. Diagnosis and Treatment of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms. (2021).
  9. JAMA Neurology (GBD 2021/2022-era analyses): burden estimates for SAH (2021 incidence/mortality rates).

Readers: if you need a printable PDF version of this site, you can use your browser’s Print → Save as PDF on each page.

Patient resources (general)

  • Major academic neurovascular centers’ patient pages on brain aneurysm and SAH
  • Stroke associations’ information on subarachnoid hemorrhage
  • Neurosurgical society patient information portals

Tip: when reviewing online content, prioritize reputable hospitals, universities, and professional societies, and treat sensational survival statistics cautiously.


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